Linear method adopts usage of chain or tape in which only distance can be found but not angles. Moreover, this process is used when accuracy is not required and speed of work is concerned.

The sharpness of curve can be determined by radius or by its degree of curvature. In India, degree of curvature method is adopted due to circumstances.

The formula for setting a long chord by using ordinate can be given as O_x = (R² ? (x)²)^1/2 ? (R ? O₀). In this O₀ is given as mid ordinate, R indicates radius of curve, x indicates distance of point from mid region.

The linear methods of setting out curve involve setting by offsets, offsets by tangents, offsets by long chords, offsets by deflection distances which are applied based on area y are dealing with and output necessary.

Side friction factor is force transferred by friction to pavement, which can be used in case of highways while providing super elevation to avoid overturning of vehicles.

Versine is indication of inversion of sine i.e., sin^-1. Among following, 1-cos ? represents versine value. This is done for improving technical knowledge.

From Rankine?s method, chord length can be given as
? = 1718.9*C / R. On substitution, we get
87?45? = 1718.9*C / 43.76
C = 2.23 m.

The point at which both long curve and short curve will meet is determined as point of compound curve or P.C.C. It is point where point of intersection lies perpendicular to P.C.C.

From question, it is clear that R1=R2=R. So, distance between tangent points T1 and T2 can be given as
L = 4*R*sin (?/2). On substitution, we get
L = 4*98.54*sin (54?31?/2)
L = 180.52m.

The value of offset can be given as O = C² / 2*R. On substitution, we get
O = 23.98² / 2*5.87
O = 48.98m.