In cement grouting method, cement grout, which is a mixture of sand, cement and water is used. The term grouting is used to indicate a process of injecting cementing materials into cracks.

Well is provided with a cutting edge at bottom so as to facilitate sinking. The shape of a well is generally decided by requirements of superstructure, vertical and horizontal forces on well, base of pier or abutment, cost of sinking, chances of tilting and shifting during execution, etc.

Base driven pile consists of a helically welded shell of steel plate. A concrete plug is provided at bottom of shell and driving its done by allowing pile Hammer to fall on concrete plug.

A Caisson is a relatively large deep foundation and resembles is pile foundation in transferring superstructure load to some desired depth. However, Caisson differs from a pile in size and in method of construction.

The piece of timber which maintains of fixed distance between sheeting or between wales is known as Strut. It is horizontal member used in trenches as shown in above figure.

Major Sander formula is simplest form of pile driving formula using a factor of safety of 8. Where, R1 = safe load on a pile in kg.
S = final settlement of pile in cm.

When depth of excavation exceeds 5 M below water table, process of providing well Point is carried out in different stages known as Multi stage system.

Load bearing piles penetrate through soft soil and ir bottom rest on a hard bed. Thus, y are end bearing piles and act as a column or piers. The soft ground through which piles pass also give some lateral support and thus increases load carrying capacity of bearing piles.

In Simplex Alligator jaw pile, cast iron shoe is provided by alligator jaw point. When concrete is poured, jaw opens and allows concrete to flow. In this type of pile, shoe does not remain in ground.

The practical limit upto which water can be lifted by a suction pump is about 5 meters or so. Hence, depth of excavation is not to exceed 5 metres in single stage system well point is adopted.