Bond stress is shear stress acting parallel to bar on interface between reinforcing bar and surrounding concrete. Hence it is stress developed between contact surface of Steel and concrete to keep m toger. The value of M20 designs Bond stress is 1.2 in tension.

Bending is usually accompanied by shear. The combination of shear and bending stresses produces principle stresses which causes diagonal tension in beam section. This should be resisted by providing shear reinforcement in form of vertical stirrups (or) bent up bars along with stirrups.

Factored load (w) = 1.5�37.5 = 56.25 kN/m.
Factored bending moment for simply supported beam (M) = wl²/ 8. = 56.25�(4.3)²/ 8 = 130kNm.

The limiting percentage of steel for singly reinforced sections of M20 grade & Fe415 is 0.96.

The limiting depth of neutral axis Fe 250 steel is
Xu (max) = 0.53 � d ( for Fe250)
= 0.53 � 400
= 212mm.

Splices are provided when length of bar is less than that required. The splicing of reinforcement is provided eir by lap joint or mechanical joint or welded Joint. Lap splices should not be used for bars larger than 36 mm for larger diameter, bars may be welded.

Anchorage value for ?U? hook is 16 � diameter of bar.

In situations, where straight anchorage length cannot be provided due to lack of space. To improve anchorage of bars, standard bends are provided in deformed bars.

In addition to main bars, along shorter direction provided at bottom, minimum reinforcement along longer span and are also provided on top of main bars and at right angles to m. These are called distribution bars are transverse bars.

If ratio of longest span shorter span is greater than 2 or A slab supporting only in two edges (opposite to each or) is called one way slab. This slab spans across shorter span practically.