The orifices are classified on basis of ir size, shape, shape of upstream edge and discharge conditions. According to shape of upstream edge, orifices are classified as sharp edged orifice and Bell moud orifice.

A beam which is supported on more than two supports is known as a continuous beam. The intermediate supports of a continuous beam are always subjected to some bending moment.

For analysing prop reaction for a cantilever beam at free end = P = 5W/16
P = 5 × 20 / 16
P = 6.25 kN.

A siphon is a long bent pipe used to transfer water from one reservoir to or reservoir which is located at different elevations. The highest point of siphon is known as Summit.

A beam carrying udl along its entire span, maximum bending moment developed = wl² / 12.
= 5×6² / 12.
15 kNm.

When is a structural member of uniform section is subjected to moment at one end n moment develops which is required so as to rotate end to produce unit slope. This is known as of member. For propped cantilever, stiffness is 4EI /l.

A continuous beam is a beam which is supported on more than two supports. It is also known as multi span beam. The degree of indeterminacy depends upon number of supports and nature of supports.

For a fixed beam, maximum bending moment is w×l / 8.
Maximum bending moment (M) = 25 × 5 / 8
= 15.625 kNm.

The rise given to centre portion of proposed carriageway with reference to its peripheral edge is called camber. Road users use more in central portion of road and get worn out. The stability of high rise vehicles will be affected due to heavy camber.

Brittleness is a property of a material by which It Breaks without much deformation produce his property generally considered to be highly objectionable in engineering.