Run off can be estimated by
R= 0.85P-30.48
Where R = annual runoff in mm
P = annual rainfall in mm.

The end support of a bridge superstructure is known as an abutment. The functions of abutment are
i. To retain earth filling of approaches
ii. To finish up bridge with necessary approaches.

Curtain walls are provided under upstream and downstream apron at ends. We are provided to increase length of creep and reby to reduce exit gradient.

The wooden floor is known as skimming float and it is used for final and finishing coat of plaster. The Plaster is evenly spread against wall surface with a wooden float.

The angle of Twist = TL/CJ
Where T = Torque in Nm
L = Length of shaft
CJ = Torsional rigidity.

Uplift occurs when pore water pressure under a structure or a low permeability confining layer becomes larger than mean overburden pressure.

Rankine?s formula is used for calculating depth of foundation.
h=P/w � (1-sin/1+sin). Minimum depth is restricted to 90 cms.

As torsion is a product of perpendicular force and radius, units will be N m.
Torque is also known as torsion or twisting moment or turning moment.

The shear stress in a hollow circular section varies from maximum at outer surface to a minimum (but not zero) in inner face. The minimum value should be greater than zero.

As catchment area is situated in central India. Dicken?s formula is suitable and a maximum value of Dickens Coefficient is taken as 19.5
Q = CA^3/4
Q = 19.5 � (30.5)^3/4
Q = 253.08 cumecs.