The international system, CIM, can be used in case of international maps which having a large scale number. It might decrease accuracy in output, but it is best and most commonly used method, which consumes less time.

A cylindrical projection involves in generation of map in a cylindrical shape. Latitudes are prepared on hollow cylinder. Meridians will be projected geometrically on cylindrical surface whereas latitudes are projected mamatically.

The figure represents silver polygon, which is a condition where overlapping polygon takes place in GIS software. This can be removed by deleting unnecessary data.

The scale of a map can be determined by taking a ratio of distance on map to distance on ground i.e., 2 / 100000 = 1: 50000.

In GIS, topological primitives are used. Those include nodes, faces and edges. These are defined by representing feature geometries in a planar graph of a topological element.

The data formats which are generally used in case of GIS are integer, float, and text format. These are selected in GIS software based on type of work being carries out.

Mapping is done in order to asses a particular area or object in a detailed manner. It includes land use land cover details, cadastral details, agriculture and hydrological details.

Capability of GIS determines its ability to accomplish work assigned. It can define a map with database, can represent cartographic feature, can store and retrieve data and many more. By doing se, it can act as a source for development of errors.

CIM is basically approved by electric power research institute which is having a more amount of electrical work involved in it, because of this IEC approved it and usage of this has become one of most used products in GIS.

Scale can be defined as distance on map to distance on ground. There are different types of scales available which can be selected based on type of output needed. In order to have more accuracy, we need to go less number on scale which indicates a large map with good details.