The coefficient of velocity ratio of actual velocity of liquid to oretical velocity. Theoretical velocity = (2gh)^1/2.
Where h = liquid head above centre of orifice.

The fixed beam is stronger, stiffer and more stable. The slope at supports is zero.
Maximum bending moment at centre is reduced because of fixing moments developed at supports.

TEL (Total Energy Line) is line which is obtained by joining tops of all vertical ordinates showing sum of pressure head and kinetic head from centre of pipe.

A syphon is used to connect two different elevations separated by a mountain
They also used to supply water to a town over a ridge and supply type of water having an outlet.

As per IRC, maximum width be 2.44 m. For a single lane, width considered is 3.8 m. The pavement having two or more lanes weight of 3.5 metre per lane is considered sufficient.

The top level of water table should be below level of subgrade. Water table should be at least 1.2 metres below subgrade. If soil is impermeable, longitudinal and transverse drains have to be provided to lower water table.

The bending moment is more over supports n at midspan in case of continuous beams and hence weight of beam does not materially affect stresses in beam.

The ratio to cross sectional area and wetted perimeter is called hydraulic radius. It is also known as hydraulic mean depth. It is denoted by m.

In fixed beams, maximum bending moment developed at centre is reduced. Hence it results in reduction of deflection of a beam at its centre considerably.

The surge tank controls pressure variations in a penstock. Thereby penstock is protected from effects of water hammer pressure. The surge tank is provided on large penstock to regulate speed of turbine.