Intensity of irrigation deals with percentage of irrigation to be irrigated annually. In general, area which has to be irrigated needs to be expressed in percentage of CCA which is able to represent intensity of irrigation for crop season.

In general, topographic survey involves in usage of different types of horizontal angles, which are given as bearings, azimuth, deflection angle, interior angle. These are used in calculations of topological survey.

The process of meteorological survey involves collection of data regarding barometric pressure, duration and intensity of wind, fog intensity, low visibility periods, temperature and rainfall intensity.

In case of no possibility of full face excavation, top heading method is adopted for having a better output. Benching process is also adopted for digging small tunnels.

Soil sampling is a laboratory method of determining ability and capability of soil to with stand structure which is built on it. The soil sampling methods generally include test pits, probing, wash boring, deep boring and geo physical method.

The actual purpose of township survey is to establish boundaries for land ownership for decreasing complications any furr. The civil township can be applied for local governments.

The certification of good alignment can be done on basis of certain factors like economic factor, earth excavation factor, presence of less number of vertical curves and location of station yards.

Road survey can be done eir manually or by machine. Both are capable of giving best results. But in terms of time, automatic methods are chosen. Among m, GIS method is best as interpretation is easy and accurate.

Railway line surveying involves various important steps like reconnaissance survey, selection of good alignment, preliminary survey, marking of tentative alignment and finally survey report.

In order to reach treatment plant, waste materials are to be mixed with any or agent. In general, water is considered as that agent because of fact that it is easily available.