As per IS: 800, minimum thickness of web should not be less than d/250; [Where d = clear distance between Flange angles]. In case of unstiffened web, minimum thickness of web plate should not be less than d/85.

Given data :
D = 60 mm ; t = 10 mm & d = 60 ? 2×10 = 40 mm
For hollow circular section, modulus of section( Z ) = 3.14 × D⁴ ? d⁴ / 32 D.
= 17016.3 mm = 170 m.

Lever arm factor (j) = 1-k/3
Where k= 0.289
j = 1-0.289/3
= 0.904~0.9.

The maximum shear stress occurs at neutral axis. So, y = 0.
Maximum shear stress = 3/2 × F/bd (? Average shear stress = F/bd ).
= 3/2 × average shear stress.

The maximum shear stress occurs at neutral axis. Then y = 0.
Max shear stress = 3F/2bd = 3/2 [F/bd].
= 1.5 Average shear stress.

The strength of plate or strength of rivet whichever is less is called strength of joint. The ratio of strength of joint to strength of steel plate is called efficiency of cylinder.

The maximum shear force in a rectangular section is 3N/mm².
In rectangular sections; Maximum shear force = 3/2 ×[F/bd] & 3 = 3/2 ×[250 ×10³/ 500 × d] d = 250mm.

The compressive strength of brittle materials is always greater than its tensile strength. In same way, tensile strength of ductile materials is greater than its compressive strength.

The members considerably long in comparison of lateral dimensions are called Long columns. The members essentially fail by buckling (or) crippling to bending. According to Euler?s formula long column can be determined.

Creep is defined as plastic deformation under a constant load or stress creep Coefficient which is defined as ratio of ultimate creep strain to elastic strain at various ages of loadings.