The stress in steel is linearly related to stresses in adjoining concrete by constant factor called modular ratio (defined as ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete) Working stress method is refore also known as modular ratio method.

In continuous beam moments developed at supports are greater than a moment?s developed at mid span, show maximum bending moment occurs at supports.
For continuous beams, maximum shear stress occurs at planes intersecting compressive reinforcement and neutral axis.

Shearing stress in a beam is maximum at neutral axis. Shearing stress is defined as resistance offered by internal stress to shear force.

GOST is an acronym for gosudastvennyy standard used in Russia.
It usually carries two part number, one indicates serial number and or indicates year of issue
For example; GOST 155-70.

Given diameter = 0.25 m
Area (A) = 176 m²
Shear Force (F) = 10 kN ~ 10000 N.
For circular cross section maximum shear stress is equal to 4/3 times of average shear stress
Maximum shear force = 4/3 � F/A
= 4/3 � 10000/176
= 0.75 N/mm².

The compressive strength of concrete in structure is assumed to be 0.67 times characteristic strength of concrete. The partial safety factor equal to 1.5 is applied to strength of concrete in addition to it refore design compressive strength of concrete is 0.67 fck / 1.5 equal to 0.446 fck. [fck = characteristic compressive strength].

Maximum shear stress occurs at neutral axis & y = 0.
Max. Shear stress = 4/3 [ F/A ].
F/A is average shear stress.
The maximum shear stress distribution is 33% more than average shear stress.

The stress corresponding to 0.2% of strain in stress-strain curve of mild steel is known as proof stress. This is also taken as yield stress. The maximum stress is generally taken as yield stress.

The resilience per unit volume is defined as modulus of resilience. It is a property of material. The Modulus of resilience is equal to 1Mpa for Steel with proportionality limit of 200 Mpa.