The tool which is used to spread mortar on surface is known as float. It is also known as laying trowel. It is made of thin tempered Steel.

Angle of twist = 1� = ?/180 radians.
Polar moment of inertia = ?/32 � 30⁴mm⁴.
To find CJ: T/J =C� twist angle
C = Tl/J�twist angle = 2�10⁶ �300 / ?/32 � 30⁴mm⁴� ?/180.
C = 0.4323 � 10⁶ N/mm².

Catchment area can be defined as area which contributes surplus water present over it to stream or river. It is an area which is responsible for maintaining flow in natural water bodies. It is expressed in square kilometres.

Concept:

Stored energy, $E=\frac{1}{2}K{x}^2$

Where,

x = Extension

K = Stiffness of spring.

Calculation:

Given:

E = 30 N-mm

x = 5 mm

$\begin{array}{l}30=0.5K\left(5^2\right)\\ K=2.4N/mm\end{array}$

Diameter of shaft = 50 mm
Revolutions of shaft = 130 rpm.
Maximum shear stress = f= 62.5 N/mm².
T = f ? D³/ 16
T = 62.5 �50³� ? / 16.
T = 1534 Nm.

An air vessel may be a closed chamber having compressed air in a top portion and water at bottom. It reduces possibility of separation and it ensures pump to run at high speed.

The barrage is a low obstructive barrier constructed across river. There will be less silting and better control over levels due to low set crest.

The polar modulus is a measure of strength of shaft in rotation. As value of Polar modulus increases torsional strength increases.

Separation of reciprocating pump is that phenomenon by which steady and continuous flow of liquid is affected by presence of air and dissolved gases.

Pile foundation is adopted when bed soil is soft and hard soil is available at great depth and also well foundation is adopted when river bed having sand and good soil is available at a reasonable depth.