The effective height of a column is ____ the actual height for the direction when it is not laterally supported.

Live loads and dead loads act in a horizontal direction.

A cavity wall is a wall that consists of _____ leaves.

The number of lines representing the thickness of a wall in a nomogram is ______

Coursed stone masonry has ______ joints while ashlar masonry has _____ joints.

A ______ is a wall which separates adjacent buildings belonging to different persons.

Reduction factor (ρ) for walls partially restrained at the top and bottom is ______

The effective thickness of a ______ column is equal to the actual thickness.