The process by which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to a common environmental challenge, is called

In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process, whereby, organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Thus, option A is correct. Non random evolution occurs due to mating  that has not occurred due to chance, and therefore has had human interference. Thus, option B is wrong. In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges and opens environmental niches. Thus, option C is wrong. The process in nature by which, according to Darwin's theory of evolution, organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive longer and transmit more of their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations than do those that are less well adapted is called natural selection. Thus, option D is wrong.