The limits of percentage p of the longitudinal reinforce-ment in a column is given by

The slab is designed as one way if the ratio of long span to short span is

Prestress loss due to friction occurs

For the design of retaining walls, the minimum factor of safety against overturning is taken as

In case of hand mixing of concrete, the extra cement to be added is

Due to shrinkage stresses, a simply supported beam having reinforcement only at bottom tends to

Maximum quantity of water needed per 50 kg of cement for M 15 grade of concrete is

Modulus of rupture of concrete is a measure of