Oral Contraceptive Pills can have

The correct answer is option 3.

Concept:

• Oral contraceptive pills or birth control pills are a type of contraception that contains hormones that prevent pregnancy. It is also known as “the pill” because it comes in pill form. 

Oral contraceptive pills are of two types:

• Combination pills contain estrogen and progestin.
• Progestin-only pills are also known as “the minipill.”
• This is administered in women who are breastfeeding or have a history of blood clots and strokes and shouldn’t take estrogen.

Explanation:

Mechanism of action:

• Birth control pills prevent follicular development and hence, prevent ovulation. To understand this, let us look at a negative feedback loop involved in this process:
  • The hypothalamus secretes a hormone human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
  • GnRH signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins like stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
  • In females, FSH and LH cause the ovaries to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
  • Progesterone supplied in the oral contraceptive pills initiates a negative feedback loop by signaling the hypothalamus to reduce the production of GnRH.
  • Thus, FSH and LH production is reduced. 
  • Since follicles are not developing, there is no secretion of estrogen by follicles.
  • The progesterone negative feedback loop prevents an increase in LH levels in mid-cycle.
  • In normal conditions, LH in midcycle causes rupturing of Graffian follicle and ovulation.
  • But ovulation is prevented because of the negative feedback loop and low levels of LH in the midcycle.

??

• Thus, hormones in birth control pills prevent pregnancy by:
  • By stopping or reducing ovulation 
  • Thickening cervical mucus to keep sperm from entering the uterus.
  • Thinning the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg is less likely to attach.

Confusion Points

• Option 1 is the combination of Both Hormones 
• Option 2 Is Only Progestin
• Option 3 is both 1 and 2
• Therefore the given solution is correct

Kindly note there are pills with 1 hormone and combination pills also.

So Option 3 is correct.

Additional Information Advantages of birth control pills:

• Regulate menstruation.
• Reduces the dysmenorrhea symptoms.
• Helps to manage premenstrual syndrome
• Treat polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Treat endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
• Lower the risk of ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and colon cancer.

Side effects:

• Breast tenderness or swelling.
• Headaches.
• Irritability or moodiness.
• Nausea.
• Spotting between periods (abnormal menstruation).

Mistake Points The Question asks about Pills and Not Hormones