Deviation of the actual road gradient from the proposed contour gradient uphill side, involves ............

A plumb bob is required ............

Measuring with a 30 m chain, 0.01 m too short, introduces ............

The difference in the length of an arc and its subtended chord on the earth surface for a distance of 18.2 km, is only .…

When the centers of the arcs lie on the opposite sides of the common tangent at the junction of the two curves, it is kn…

In setting up a plane table at any station ............

The rise and fall method for obtaining the reduced levels of points provides a check in ............

Which of the following can be neutralized by setting the level midway between the two stations?

In direct method of contouring, the process of locating or identifying points lying on a contour is called ............