Closed contours of decreasing values toward their centre, represent ............

Let the angular value of one graduation of a tube of length x be \theta seconds and R be the radius of its internal curv…

Benchmark is established by ............

The obstacle, which obstructs chaining but not vision is a ............

The area of any irregular figure of the plotted map is measured with ............

The trapezoidal rule of volumes V of an embankment divided into a number of sections equidistant D, is given by ........…

Ranging in chain survey means ............

Which of the following is not used in measuring perpendicular offsets?

The apparent error on reversal is ............