The horizontal equivalent which is a term generally uses in contoured map is ............

If D is the angle of deflection of a simple curve of radius R, the length of its long chord, is ............

In tacheometrical observations, vertical staff holding is generally preferred to normal staffing, due to ............

An invert is taken when the point is ............

The two point problem and three point problem are methods of ............

Geodetic surveying is different from plane surveying because of ............

The error in measured length due to incorrect holding of chain is ............

The true meridian of a place is the line in which earth's surface in intersected by a plane through ............

The radius of curvature of the bubble tube is generally kept ............