In chain-surveying field work is limited to

Direct ranging is possible only when the end stations are

If the whole circle bearing of a line is 180°, its reduced bearing is

The direction of steepest slope on the contour, is

The lines of force of earth's magnetic field are parallel to the earth's surface

The zero of the graduated circle of a prismatic compass is located at

A simple circular curve is designated by the

Straight, parallel and widely spaced contours represent

When 1 cm on a map represents 10m on the ground, the representative fraction of the scale in