A line normal to the plumb line at all points is known as

Levelling deals with measurements in

The correct position of holding staff is

The least count of a vernier scale is

An obstacle which obstructs both chaining and ranging may be

Accidental or compensating errors of length L are proportional to

The combined correction due to refraction and earth's curvature is

If the angular measurements of a traverse are more precise than its linear measurements, balancing of the traverse, is d…

The curvature of the earth is taken into consideration if the limit of survey is