The shape of bending moment diagram over the length of a beam, carrying a uniformly increasing load is

Permanent set is

The moment distribution method is formulated by

Stress in a member subjected to a force is

Unequal settlement in the supports of statically indeterminate structure develop

The displacements of joints of a truss can be obtained directly from

Influence lines are drawn for structures

The limit strength design of steel structures make use of

Toughness is