A pin jointed plane frame with J number of joints and n, number of members will be internally redundant, if

The direction of normal stress is

A rectangular beam carries a maximum bending moment of M. If its depth is doubled, its moment carrying capacity will be

The Young's modulus of elasticity of steel is

Toughness is

A support over which the real beam is continuous will correspond to

Hoop stress is

Permanent set is

The actual numerical value of tensile stress is .............. than the theoretical stress (engineering stress)