Horizontal reaction at B as shown in fig. is equal to

The percentage reduction of a material from a direct compressive test indicates

Modulus of rigidity is the ratio of

The shear center may be defined as

Strain energy of a member may be defined as work done on it

A simply supported beam of span L carries a uniformly distributed load, w. The maximum bending moment, M is

Allowable stress in steel is less than

Stress concentration near the void is ................ as compared to solid portion.

The limit strength design of steel structures make use of