The lateral deformation per unit original lateral dimension is called a lateral strain. When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress within elastic limit it not only deforms longitudinally but also laterally.

Check valve and pressure relief valves are provided on delivery side because reflux valve prevents passage of water in a reverse direction. It allows water to flow only one direction.

Drawings cannot give every information about materials and quality. The specifications give nature and class of work, quantity of materials and workmanship. They are very useful during execution of work.

In ring system, entire locality is divided into eir rectangular or circular blocks. The water mains are laid along peripheral roads with submains branching out from main mains. Thus, every point can receive supply from two directions. This is obviously most Ideal system.

The term stiffness is defined as ability to resist deformation. The stiffness of slabs is governed by span to depth ratio. It depends on type of steel and percentage of steel.

A seamless section is a section of cylinder having no joint. No or section in a cylinder is as strong as seamless section of same thickness and dimensions.

The radial system is a reverse of ring system, in this water flows radially from one point to outer periphery. The system is suitable where roads are laid radially in city.

Long wall short wall method is tedious and long lasting. In this method, length of wall running in one direction are measured first out to out and that of running in perpendicular direction are measured in to in.

The flexural (local) bond is maximum at section where shear force is large. Therefore check for flexural bond is necessary at sections where shear force is maximum and bending moment is zero.

The capability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and release that energy upon unloading is known resilience. This resilience is also termed as Strain energy.