British Code CP. 11 classifies walls into two categories which are calculated walls and non-calculated walls. Calculated walls are load-bearing walls while non-calculated walls are non-load bearing walls.

A party wall is defined as a wall that is constructed in order to separate adjacent buildings that belong to different owners. A party wall can be eir load-bearing or non-load bearing.

Effective length of a wall supported by a buttress at each end is 1.0L where L is actual length of wall. Effective length of a wall varies with variations in conditions of support.

Load-bearing walls are subjected to various types of loads. Loads coming on a structure are of types ? live loads, dead loads, snow loads, wind loads and earthquake loads.

The art of drawing nomograms is called nomography. A nomogram is also known as a nomograph. It is a two-dimensional diagram consisting of vertical lines which is used to determine design of a building.

Effective height of a masonry wall is calculated using equation h = ?H. In this equation, h represents effective height, H represents actual height of wall and ? represents reduction factor.

A wall can be supported at vertical level by floor/roof which transfers horizontal forces to cross walls. These cross walls furr transmit se forces to foundation and provide stability to structure.

A column is defined as an isolated load-bearing member. The main difference between a wall and a column is that width of a wall exceeds four times its thickness while width of a column does not.

The requirements of a good mortar are strength, low drying shrinkage, and water retentivity. A mortar with good water retentivity does not lose water readily. High water retentivity provides high resistance to masonry against rain penetration.

Timber floors and roofs should be anchored by metal anchors. National Building Code of India specifies that anchors provided for timber floors and roofs should be at intervals of less than two meters in two-storeyed buildings.