When an external force produces elongation of body in its direction, it is termed as a tensile force. The stress developed in a cross section of body due to a tensile force is called tensile stress.

For circular section,
The maximum shear stress = 4/3 × average shear stress
= 4/3 × 0.6366
= 0.85 N/mm².

Terrazzo floors consist of terrazzo finish at top. Generally it consists of wearing layer of terrazzo mixture about 6 mm thick laid on and under layer. It furnishes attractive and durable floor.

The shear to be resisted by shear reinforcement is given by
Vus = Vu ? Vuc
Where: Vuc = shear resistance of concrete
Vu = ultimate shear force
? The number of stirrups cut by 45° crack line is n = d/Sv.

To find P:
P = ?² × EI/L²
P = ?² × 6.14 ×10¹⁰ / 10000²
P = 6.055 kN ~ 6 kN.

The stress in compression, if d?/d value is 0.1 for Fe415 steel is 353 N/mm².

Hooke?s law: (Given by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678): stress is directly proportional to strain within limit of proportionality. It is valid for uniaxial force only.

The polar moment of inertia is inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to its plane. It is denoted by ?J?.
J = 2 I.

Meridian is defined as a fix direction on surface of earth. The bearings of survey lines are measured with reference to meridians.

Some of longitudinal bars can be bent up near supports as a bending moment to be resisted near supports is very little. Such bent up bars resists diagonal tension effectively.