The upstream and downstream slopes of Dam should be stable in all situations side slopes depend upon
1.Height of dam
2.Character of material
3.Nature of foundation.

The property of a material or substance which offers resistance to bending action and measures load required to be applied is called stiffness. It is denoted by s or k. Springs are best examples of stiffness.

In this curing, exposed surface of concrete is kept in a damp and moist condition for a long time, vertical members like columns and walls can be adopted for this type of curing.

The major distributary takes off from a branch canal to distribute water to various parts of field. The supply of water varies from 0.25 to 5 cumecs.

The pressure intensity of water at a free surface is always zero and increase linearly to a maximum at base and is equal to ? wh?.

If minimum stress developed at base of dam section is negative, n respective nature of stress will be in tensile condition.

In dams, slenderness ratio can be calculated through
= Height of buttress / Thickness of buttress
? It varies from 12 to 15.

Isolated chambers are provided for installation of control equipment of walls or pipeline or pumps. The function is to supply water to irrigation canals, fulfilling commitments and desilting reservoir.

Due to variation in temperature it causes contraction and expansion in masonry or concrete of dam. It will develop fine cracks in body of dam. By providing contraction joints, se cracks can be avoided.

Kiln burning is a permanent structure. There is complete control on fire. It produces a large scale of manufactured bricks, it takes only 24 hours in burning bricks and 12 days for cooling. It produces 90% of burnt bricks.