Ina closed traverse, sum of south latitudes exceeds the sum of north latitudes and the sum of east departures exceeds the sum of west departures then, the closing line will lie in ............

If a 30 m chain diverges through a perpendicular distance from its correct alignment, the error in length is ...........…

A point determined by resection on a plane table is called ............

Tilt of the staff in stadia tacheometry increases the intercept if it is ............

An example for a level surface is ............

The method of measuring distance by pacing is chiefly used in ............

A chain may get elongated due to ............

An open cross-staff is commonly used for setting out ............

Centering error of a theodolite produces an error ............