Deviation of the actual road gradient from the proposed contour gradient up hill side involves

Due to curvature of earth the object

When the length of a chord is less than the peg interval, it is known as

Which of the following instruments can be used for the direct measurement of directions?

Cadastral map is a map having

In chain surveying, perpendiculars to the chain line, are set out by

Probable accidental error in precise levelling as recommended by international Geodetic Association, should not exceed

A change point is

The degree of the curve is the angle subtended by a chord of length.