Box culverts are usually made up of Reinforced Concrete (RCC). Some box culverts can be built using composite structures and are great when water needs to change direction or when a large flow of water is expected. Box culverts can also be installed in such way that top of culvert is also roadway surface. The most challenging part of installing se type of culverts is that you generally will need to have a dry surface to install culvert, so dewatering or diversion of water will be needed to complete installation.

The diameter of borehole is usually slightly larger than casing being installed. The space between borehole and casing is called annulus of well or annular space. It must be sealed to prevent any surface contamination from migrating downward and contaminating water supply. A properly sealed annulus also prevents any mixing of poor quality water from upper aquifers with water from producing aquifer of well.

Subsurface Textile Irrigation (SSTI) is a technology designed specifically for subirrigation in all soil textures from desert sands to heavy clays. A typical subsurface textile irrigation system has an impermeable base layer (usually polyethylene or polypropylene), a drip line running along that base, a layer of geotextile on top of drip line and, finally, a narrow impermeable layer on top of geotextile.

Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding plinth area of building and multiplying by plinth area rate. The plinth area should be calculated for covered area by taking external dimension of building at floor level.

These are completed to much greater depths than bored wells, up to several hundred metres. The producing aquifer is generally less susceptible to pollution from surface sources because of depth. Also, water supply tends to be more reliable since it is less affected by seasonal wear patterns.

Monitoring wells or piezometers, are often smaller diameter wells used to monitor hydraulic head or sample groundwater for chemical constituents. Piezometers are monitoring wells completed over a very short section of aquifer. Monitoring wells can also be completed at multiple levels, allowing discrete samples or measurements to be made at different vertical elevations at same map location.

Culverts can be constructed of a variety of materials including cast-in-place or precast concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced), galvanized steel, aluminium, or plastic, typically high-density polyethylene. Two or more materials may be combined to form composite structures. For example, open-bottom corrugated steel structures are often built on concrete footings.

In surface (furrow, flood, or level basin) irrigation systems, water moves across surface of an agricultural lands, in an order to wet it and infiltrate into soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation when irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of cultivated land.

Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers.

Approx. cost of a bed hospital @ Rs.50000/- per bed comes to Rs.50 lakhs.
Approx. cost of a barrack of 10 bays @10000/- per bay comes to Rs.1 lakh.