Total discharge in parallel pipes are determined by adding discharges so developed in individual pipes. If Q₁ is discharge through pipe 1 and Q₂ is discharge through pipe 2. Then total discharge through parallel pipes is equal to Q₁+Q₂.

If angle is more than 10 degrees, re will be a drift amidst nozzle. At any angle more than 10 degrees, this separation will occur. But minimum value is 10 degrees. So, answer is 10 degrees.

Water hammer is developed in a penstock. It is developed due to reduction in load on generator. This reduction causes governor to close turbine gates and thus creating an increased pressure in penstock.

HGL is obtained by plotting piezometric head at various points along axis of pipe. Since pressure may eir rise or fall in direction of flow, HGL may or may not change in that direction.

The steady state flow must satisfy Kirchhoff?s first and second law. First law states that total flow into junction equals total flow away from junction. Second law is called law of conservation of mass. It states that between two junctions, head loss is independent of path followed.

According to laws of fluid friction, frictional resistance is proportional to surface area of contact for both laminar and turbulent flows.

Mass flow rate should depend on velocity. Here Mach number denotes velocity. So, Mach number gives right answer.

According to laws of fluid friction, frictional resistance is independent of pressure for both laminar and turbulent flows.

Pipe analysis is carried out in various aspects. It mainly concentrates on fluid through a hydraulics network. Specific heat ratio is ratio of heat to constant volume chamber block. It has got a default value of 1.4.

The vertical intercept between EGL and HGL is equal to kinetic head. For a diffuser, cross-sectional area increases in direction of flow leading to a decrease in velocity of flow across pipe. Since kinetic head decreases, vertical intercept between EGL and HGL will decrease.