Nichrome contains 80% Ni and 20% Cr. It is used mostly in rmocouples and in strain gauges.

The Bessemer converter was first inexpensive furnace to make steel in olden days. The fundamental idea is, removal of impurities from iron and making steel by oxidizing. Open hearth furnace has taken over Bessemer process due to its nitrogen control in steel.

Gun metal (also known as red brass) contains 83% Cu and 2% Zn and 10% Sn.

Red hardness means capability of material to retain hardness at high temperature. It can be achieved for steel when alloyed high high melting metals like, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and chromium, etc.

Nickel can improve tensile strength as well as toughness of alloy steel. Small additions of niobium (Nb) also increases tensile strength of carbon steel.

Constantan (also known as Eureka/Ferry) contains 60% Cu and 40% Ni. It finds its mainly in rmocouples and has strong negative seebeck coefficient above 0^oC.

The cupola furnace (a modified blast furnace) can be used to melt cast irons, bronzes, etc. Cast irons have a carbon content of 2-4%, and have low melting temperatures, which makes m easily castable.

Soft solder is eutectic alloy of 50% Pb and 50% Sn, having a melting point of 450^oC.

Nichrome contains 80% Ni and 20% Cr. Nichrome mostly used as a resistant wire and in dental fillings.

Chromium is generally added to steel to increase corrosion resistance and oxidation, to increase hardenability, to improve high-temperature strength, and to improve abrasion resistance in high-carbon compositions. The formation of hexagonal Cr₇C₃ is responsible for this abrasion resistance to steel.