After sample dries, temperature is increased to 180?C to remove occluded water i.e., water molecules trapped in mineral matrix.

The up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors are used in industries for high removal of organic pollutants and achieve high treatment efficiency.

Concentration factor is 1/ (1 ? recovery). It is concentration factor of brine stream. It is calculated by assuming salt passage as zero.

The % flux decline per year assumed while designing reverse osmosis system for treating surface water is 2.3-4.4. The SDI considered is between <2. This is a very important factor while designing a reverse osmosis system.

The heat released during oxidation is used to maintain operating temperature. WAO is a liquid phase reaction using dissolved oxygen in water to oxidize wastewater contaminants. The dissolved oxygen is typically supplied using pressurized air, but pure oxygen can also be used.

When fresh water is separated from seawater, concentrated seawater which is called brine and is retained on surface of RO membrane.

The diameter assumed for hollow fine membranes for treating brackish water is 85 microns. Du pont made first hollow fine fibre. These membranes are self -supporting types.

The COD loading rate assumed for an Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket is 4-12 Kg COD/m³. In most cases it is considered as 6 Kg COD/m³. Based on this volume of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket is sized.

Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which involves reversing direction of water and adding compressed air.

A pH of 5.5-8.5 should be wastewater be maintained in order to remove Volatile organic compounds. More alkaline conditions should be maintained. At alkaline conditions, ammonia is formed which can be stripped off easily.