Elektron contains 3-12% aluminum and 2% zinc, 0.03% manganese and rest is magnesium. It is very light alloy and used where weight is major consideration in design.

Mutz metal contains 60% Cu and 40% Zn. It is commonly used in architectural applications.

Chromium when added in range 10.5%-18% in weight to steel, forms a passive oxide layer (Cr₂O₃), thus transforming steel to a corrosion resistant steel (stainless steel).

Duralumin is age hardenable alloy of aluminium alloyed mainly with copper and with manganese and magnesium. Being a lightweight alloy, duralumin finds its use widely in aerospace industry.

The puddling furnace creates wrought iron (nearly pure iron) from pig iron. The wrought iron is tougher and malleable.

Invar is an alloy of nickel and iron generically known as FeNi36. It has low rmal expansion coefficient.

Manganese is normally present in all commercial steels. High levels of manganese presence produces an austenitic steel with improved wear and abrasion resistance.

After Al, vanadium if by far mostly used grain refiner in steel. It forms a microscopic precipitate particle in steel, which acts as pinning agents, thus obstruct grain growth at higher temperatures, encouraging new grains to nucleate.

Nichrome contains 80% Ni and 20% Cr. It is used mostly in rmocouples and in strain gauges.

The Bessemer converter was first inexpensive furnace to make steel in olden days. The fundamental idea is, removal of impurities from iron and making steel by oxidizing. Open hearth furnace has taken over Bessemer process due to its nitrogen control in steel.