Meandering of a river causes river to change its original path and forces m to flow in new courses devastating vast areas of land and damaging nearby irrigation structures like dams, weirs, canals, and or structures like railway lines, and roads etc.

These types of rivers can derive water from rains in monsoon and winter seasons, but in summer y can derive water from melting snow or ice from mountains as se rivers take off from Himalayas.

Generally seven methods are adopted for training rivers, which includes bank protection. These methods are namely; Levees, Guide Banks, Spurs, Artificial cut-offs, Pitched Islands, Miscellaneous Methods, and Pitching of Banks and provision of launching aprons.

Four variables govern meandering process, namely silt grade and silt charge, discharge, bed and side materials and ir action towards erosion, and valley slope. These all variables affect meandering process, and all of m are interdependent.

The Non-Himalayan Rivers are not perennial rivers. They receive most part of water from rainy seasons. And for rest of year y receive water from groundwater as base flow.

River in floodplains is furr divided into aggrading, degrading, stable, braided, and deltaic types.

This work is primarily undertaken with aim of providing adequate depth in navigable channels even in low water periods. This is done by enhancing flow in desired channel by closing or channels by process of bandalling.

Godavari is best example of non-perennial rivers. It originates from Maharashtra (Central India) and merges into Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh (South India).

As a river approaches sea or ocean, velocity of flow gets reduced, and in turn silting action takes place resulting in rising of water levels and formation of new channels. These channels or branches multiply in numbers as river approaches sea or ocean.

The initial belief was that meandering process is caused by presence of excessive bed slope in river that excess energy is dissipated by increasing channel length by meandering. But however, this belief was proved to be wrong.