Izod test is like Charpy test, but Izod geometry consists of a cantilever beam with notch located on same side as impact point.

Etching is done to obtain visible grain boundary. It is a surface treatment process.

In liquid penetration test, eir petroleum-or-water based carrier fluids are used as solvents or cleaners according to type of penetrant used. Petroleum based carrier fluid is used as penetrating liquid in liquid penetration test along with fluorescent red colour dye for visible light.

According to DIN standard, gauge length=11.2\(\sqrt{A}\), where A denotes cross section area of specimen used under testing.

Hardness is a surface property. Resistance developed by surface of any material is known as hardness.

Steel ball is used as indentor in Brinell hardness test.

Grain boundaries are susceptible to corrosion. Coarse grain structure has less grain boundaries, thus has greater corrosion resistance.

According to ASTM standard E1112, ?standard test methods for determining average grain size?:
n = 2^G-1, where ?G? is grain size number and ?n? represents average number of grains per square inch at a magnification of 100X. Upon calculations one can deduce that:
Average Grain diameter (d, in mm) = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{n×10^4}{645}}}\)
Given ASTM grain size 12, thus, n = 2^12-1 = 2¹¹ = 2048
Therefore, average grain diameter = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{2048×10^4}{645}}}\) = 0.0056 mm.

Brinell hardness number (BHN) of soft iron ranges from 67 to 500.

ASTM stands for American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM develops technical standards for a wide range of materials products. American Society for Tensile Measurement are used to decide various standard in tensile measurement.