Total Dissolved Solids can be measured in field using an electronic pen and it n calculates total dissolved solids assuming that primary dissolved minerals are eir a combination of NaCl or KCl.

Salt rejection is defined as 1- salt passage. Salt passage is defined as ratio of salt in permeate to that of salt in feed flow. Salt rejection will differ from one type of membrane to or.

An EC system essentially consists of pairs of conductive metal plates in parallel, which act as monopolar electrodes. It furrmore requires a direct current power source, a resistance box to regulate current density and a multimeter to read current values.

The flux assumed while designing reverse osmosis system to treat RO permeate is 34-50 LMH. This depends on influent TDS. Also, this also depends on required TDS in treated effluent.

The salt concentration and osmotic pressure of brine are related proportionally, i.e., osmotic pressure of brine increases as salt concentration increases.

The rmal conditioning occurs at temperatures of 210 ? 240 °C. 4% dry solid slurry can be processed in a WAO system where it is disinfected and treated effluent can be dewatered to 55% dry solids using a filter press.

The hydraulic retention time should not be less than 2 hours. Anaerobic micro-organisms, especially methane producing bacteria, have a slow growth rate. At lower HRTs, possibility of washout of biomass is more important.

The packing depth is maintained at 1-6 m for an ammonia removal stripping tower for removal of volatile organic compounds. Height to diameter ratio is maintained at <=10:1. For packing depths greater than 5m redistribution of liquid is recommended.

The total operation time equals 24 minus back wash time. Area equals Flowrate × total hours of operation/ [velocity × total hours of operation × (total hours of operation-backwash time). Area= 1000 × 24/ (5 × 24 × 23.5) =9 m². Length: Breadth is in ratio 1:3. Length = 1.7 m.

To remove organic content macro porous weak base anion resin is used. Weak basic acids can be regenerated with stoichiometric regenerated. For treatment of waters which do not provide organic fouling gel type is used.