A deflection angle in a traverse is equal to the ............

In leveling, the effect of refraction may be taken as ............ of that due to curvature.

Accidental or compensating errors of length L are proportional to ............

If the whole circle bearing of a line is 270° its reduced bearing is ............

A traverse deflection angle is ............

Stadia tacheometry was discovered by James Watt in the year ............

Direct method of contouring is ............

Mistakes which may produce a very serious effect upon the final results arise due to ............

The brightness of the image ............ the magnifying power.