Fertilizers can be expensive agricultural inputs for small-scale farmers, but re are technologies being developed which can offer farmers less expensive ways to ensure ir soils are fertile and healthy.

Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, is one such example of a bio-fertilizer, a type of organic fertilizer which contains living organisms and harnesses naturally occurring inputs like solar energy, nitrogen, and water to ensure soil fertility and plant growth. Small-scale farmers using bio-fertilizers have potential to provide larger and more sustainable yields and healthier soils for mselves and ir communities.

Micro-organisms are most essential resource for a farmer because y nourish soil with essential nutrients. Soil contains numerous minerals in forms which plants cannot absorb directly. Microbes like fungi and bacteria with help of ir enzymatic machinery break down se minerals into forms that can be absorbed by crops. Along with essential elements, microbes also provide one of most influential factors required for overall development of plants - plant hormones. Some of se plant hormones play crucial roles in seed formation, growth and ripening. These hormones also impart immunity against invading pests.
 

Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic, prokaryotic algae. They are free living nitrogen fixing microorganism. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen in moist soils. So, BGA has been recommended as a biofertilizer for paddy field. 

Proteases are used for enhancing tenderness of meat, extraction of fish liver oil, clarification and chill proofing of alcoholic drinks, softening of cheese and bread, cleaning of hides, degumming of silk, synsis of glue, etc.

Xanthomonas campestris is an aerobic, gram-negative rod known to cause black in crucifers by darkening vascular tissues. Host-associated, over 20 different pathovars of V.Campestris have been identified by ir distinctive pathogenicity on a wide range of plants including crops and wild plants.

Green manuring is practice of growing a short duration, succulent and leafy legume crop and ploughing plants in same field before y form seeds. It provides nitrogen or substitute for nitrogen fertilizers. Slowly decomposing green matter increases soil organic resources and provides residual effects to future crops. Green manuring increases yield of crop by 30-50%. Breaking and rotation of crops in same field helps to improve yield. 

Microorganisms are added in bioreactors in three ways-
i. Added on surface of nutrient medium
ii. Suspended in a nutrient medium
iii. Placed in calcium alginate beads.

Rhizobium lives in root modules of leguminous plants (pulses), with which it has symbiotic relationship.