The ground-coupled GPR operates at a lower frequency than air-coupled GPR. Therefore, it is able to penetrate to greater depths. The low-frequency antenna makes it difficult to get a good quality resolution for near surface evaluation. It is useful in locating sink holes, pipelines, buried underground objects and or anomalies deep down pavement surface.

Raveling is name of failure where aggregates are separated from mix. The loss of bond between binder and aggregates results in raveling. The dislodgement of aggregates will slowly deteriorate pavement from surface downwards.

The areas of pavement that are covered under structural sector are deflection, layer thickness and material properties, which are concerned with structural capacity. The functional sector is concerned with safety and ride quality and covers surface texture, cross-slope and splash and spray.

The result obtained from carrying out DCP test is resistance to penetration and is expressed as DCP Penetration Index or DPI. This can be related to CBR value, resilient modulus, in-situ density and bearing capacity.

The structural distress in flexible pavement occurs from bottom to top. These are physical failures found on pavement surface due to various reasons like overloading, wet subgrade, frosting effect etc.

The roughness of pavement can be evaluated using rut bar vehicle. It checks profile of pavement for irregularities like bumps, sags and gives a measure of roughness of pavement.

GPR stands for Ground Penetrating Radar. There are two types of testing possible. One is air-coupled GPR and or is ground-coupled GPR. Air coupled GPR is considered to be more beneficial than ground-coupled GPR.

It cannot be ascertained that re is no structural defect due to warping cracks. It can be avoided if proper reinforcements are provided in longitudinal as well as transverse joints because se take care of structural adequacy.

There might be any number of evaluators assigned to ascertain defects in pavement by visual inspection. To obtain consistent and reliable results from all of m, possible measure is to reduce variability by providing instructions to record details in an orderly and consistent manner.

The subgrade must not be subjected to moisture to make it last longer. During monsoon season, water table rises and re is a chance of infiltration into subgrade. In order to avoid this, it is recommended to construct pavement well above water table level.