The latitude of line is positive when measured northward. It is termed as northing.

Compass surveying is recommended when area is large, undulating and crowded with many details. It is not recommended for areas where local attraction is suspected due to presence of a magnetic substance.

The independent coordinates of any point may be obtained by adding algebraically latitudes and departure of lines between that point and origin.

Since Graphical method involves a rough calculation and plotting of traverse directly from field notes, it is not necessary for calculating latitudes and departures.

A deflection angle is an angle in which a survey line makes with prolongation of preceding line. It may vary from 0° to 180°.

In loose needle, method lengths are measured with chains. In fast needle, method lengths are measured with 20 or 30 m tapes.

In a closed traverse in which bearings are observed, closing error in bearing may be determined by comparing two bearing of last line as observed at first and last stations of traverse. Correction for second line (N×e)/ N = e.

In direct method with transiting, telescope will be normal at one station and inverted at next station. The method is, refore, suitable only if instrument is an adjustment.

Instrumental errors are those which arise due to faulty adjustment of instrument e.g pivot being bent, blunt pivot point etc. Variation in declination, magnetic changes in atmosphere due to clouds and Strom?s etc also comes under natural errors in compass surveying.

Due to precision of angular and linear measurements obtained by Bowditch?s method, it is more commonly used, but Transit method will be able to deliver less affected measurements due to corrections applied. Axis and Graphical methods can be applied whenever rough measurements are necessary.