Standard time involves mean time association with standard meridian. This difference between standard time and local time at a place is due to longitudinal difference with standard meridian.

The correction for dip is found out by using formula,
Tan ? = \(\sqrt{2h/R}\). Where, R is radius of earth.
Tan ? = \(\sqrt{2*54/(6370*1000)}\)
? = 0?13?45.05??.

Any particle can be determined usage of co-ordinates. It is required to allocate certain co-ordinate system for proper output. The allocation depends on type of work employed.

Mean solar time can be expressed as summation of hour angle of mean sun with 12 hours. This can create mean solar time which can be used for furr scientific calculations.

A zenith telescope is used in determination of earth poles. It is a general usage of any type of zenith telescope adopted but zenith telescope is also able to determine precise measurement of star positions.

In general, a star can be said to be in elongation when its greatest distance is at east or west of meridian. Eastern elongation can be said only when greatest distance is at east of meridian, which determines position of azimuth.

For expressing in hours, minutes and seconds, we have to divide each one with 15. So,
24?= 24?/15 = 1^h 36^m; 12? = 12? / 15 = 0^h 0^m 48^s; 42?? = 42??/15 = 0^h 0^m 2.8^s. On addition, we get
1^h 36^m 50.8^s.

The relation between latitude and altitude can be given as
? = ?. So, value of latitude of observer can be given as
? = 23?41?.

Zenith telescope liquid mirror will cost about 1% of general telescopic mirror. This may help in its economical point of view, but in terms of work it might lag behind in some aspects.

The independent system is used for publication of stars ephemerides and also position of stars. For this it requires circle of references, which can be taken as equatorial circle and declination circle.