During construction of earthquake-resistant buildings, projecting parts should be avoided as far as possible. In case, y cannot be avoided n design of projecting parts should be per IS 1893: 2002.

Inertia forces generated by earthquake shakings primarily develop at floor of building. This is because most of mass of building is present at floor levels. These inertia forces travel downwards through beams and slabs to walls and columns and n to foundations from where y are finally dispersed to ground.

IS 13935, 1993 states Indian standard guidelines for repair and seismic strengning of buildings. The regulations in se standards ensure that structures can respond to earthquake shakings to possible extent.

There are two types of seismic waves. These are surface waves and body waves. Surface waves consist of Rayleigh waves and Love waves while body waves consist of S-waves and P-waves. The waves having highest velocity are P-waves. The decreasing order of velocity of ors is S-waves, Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

The vertical thickness of reinforced concrete band should be 150 mm minimum where four bars are specified. However, it should be 75 mm where bars are specified, one on each face.

Masonry bearing walls should not be built of height greater than 15 metres subject to a maximum of four storeys when measured from mean ground level to ride level during construction of earthquake-resistant buildings. As far as possible, bearing walls should be symmetrical in plan in both directions.

According to recommendations of IS 13920: 1993, thickness of any part of wall should not be less than 150 mm. The requirements of this section apply to shear walls that are a part of lateral force-resisting system of structure.

The instrument which is used to measure earthquake shaking is called seismograph. There are three components of a seismograph. These are recorder, sensor and timer.

Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures (first part, fifth revision) is stated by IS 1893, 2002. And, Indian standard code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings (second revision) is stated by IS 4326, 1993.

Earthquake force is a function of mass. Because of this fact, it is recommended that building should be as light as possible. Roofs and upper storeys of buildings should also be designed as light as possible.