The sitting out or Ground tracing is mainly done for two purposes- firstly, excavation of foundation trenches can be started immediately after this process is completed and secondly, lines and marks established by this process serve as a guide.

Superstructure is constructed of above plinth level which consists of RCC walls and columns, upper floors, sills, Lintels, etc. Whereas, substructure is a part of building constructed below plinth level which consists of foundation plinth, etc.

The terms sound insulation all soundproofing is used to indicate reduction in level of sound when it passes through a building component. Acoustics becomes very essential in some buildings like cinema hall, Auditorium, Opera House, etc.

Plinth area is nothing but build-up covered area measured at floor level.

Flashing is a strip of metal used to stop water penetrating junction of a roof with anor surface. Areas where flashing is commonly used: where roofs meet walls, wherever roof is pierced by a Chimney, skylight, air or plumbing vent.

If room is not properly ventilated, re will be an excessive quantity of carbon dioxide in air. It is observed that breathing is difficult when amount of carbon dioxide by volume is about 6% and a man loses consciousness when it reaches about 10% or so.

Black cotton soil is clay or loose type of soil and is considerably swells and shrinks by variation in moisture content. The variation in volume of soil is to extent of 20 to 30% of original volume. Hence, Raft Foundation or Mat Foundation plays important role in uniform distribution of a load of structure over black cotton soil.

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. The application of this chemical serve as a chemical barrier between building and ground and this method has proved to be most effective method of termite proofing. Whereas, Rodenticide is used for killing rats.

As per regulations, plinth area should not exceed 75% of area of commercial sites, provided sufficient off-street parking facilities for loading and unloading of vehicles are provided on same plot as building.

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force introduced into material of bean as a result of external loads, own weight and external reactions to se loads is called a bending moment.