The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by French engineer Philbert Maurice d?Ocagne (1862-1938) and used extensively for many years to provide engineers with fast graphical calculations of complicated formulas to a practical precision. Nomograms use a parallel coordinate system invented by d’Ocagne rar than standard Cartesian coordinates.
A nomogram consists of a set of n scales, one for each variable in an equation. Knowing values of n-1 variables, value of unknown variable can be found, or by fixing values of some variables, relationship between unfixed ones can be studied. The result is obtained by laying a straightedge across known values on scales and reading unknown value from where it crosses scale for that variable. The virtual or drawn line created by straightedge is called an index line or isopleth.

A partition wall is a wall that separates rooms, or divides a room. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing. Partition walls are constructed of many materials, including steel panels, bricks, blocks of clay, terra-cotta, concrete, or glass blocks.
Some partition walls are made of sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels mounted in wood or metal framing. They may be suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.

The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as centum weight or quintal, is an English, imperial, and US customary unit of weight or mass of various values. Its present value continues to differ between American and imperial systems. The two values are distinguished in American English as “short” and “long” hundredweight and British English as “cental” and “hundredweight”.
? The short hundredweight or cental of 100 lb (45.359237 kg) is used in US and Canada.
? The long or imperial hundredweight of 8 stone (112 lb or 50.802345 kg) sees informal use in imperial system but according to Schedule 1, Part VI of Weights and Measures Act 1998, is no longer to be used for trade after Act came into force.

In a large industrial brickworks, clay is taken from quarry, and n carried by conveyor belt or truck/lorry to main factory, although it may be stockpiled outside before entering machinery. When clay enters preparation plant (Clay Prep) it is crushed, and mixed with water and or additives which may include breeze, a very fine anthracite that aids firing. This process, which is also known as pugmilling, improves consistency, firing qualities, texture, and colour of brick. From here, processed clay can be extruded into a continuous strip and cut with wires, or put into moulds or presses (also referred to as forming) to form clay into its final shape. After forming or cutting, bricks must be dried, eir in open air, in drying sheds, or in special drying kilns. When bricks have been dried, y must n be fired or ‘burnt’ in a kiln, to give m ir final hardness and appearance.

The User Coordinate System defines
? The XY plane, also called work plane, on which objects are created and modified
? The horizontal and vertical directions used for features like Ortho mode, polar tracking, and object snap tracking
? The alignment and angle of grid, hatch patterns, text, and dimension objects
? The origin and orientation for coordinate entry and absolute reference angles
? For 3D operations, orientation of work planes, projection planes, and Z axis for vertical direction and axis of rotation
You can change location and orientation of current UCS by clicking UCS icon and using its grips, or with UCS command.
Display options for UCS icon are available with UCSICON command.

In mamatics, a function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with property that each input is related to exactly one output. An example is function that relates each real number x to its square x2. The output of a function f corresponding to an input x is denoted by f(x) (read “f of x”). In this example, if input is ?3, n output is 9, and we may write f(?3) = 9. Likewise, if input is 3, n output is also 9, and we may write f(3) = 9. (The same output may be produced by more than one input, but each input gives only one output.) The input variable(s) are sometimes referred to as argument(s) of function.

To offset an object, select source object; click offset button from Edit Object Toolbar. Specify a point on canvas to offset through using tap or drag.
The Offset command creates a new object whose shape is parallel to that of selected object. The Offset button is located in Edit Object toolbar when tapping on any editable shape.
After offset distance was specified, you can set it manually by inserting a value to units bar (by tapping on input box). Tap “Done” (“V” button) to finish specify distance.

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors?and in many different types, such as watercolor, syntic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

A cornice (from Italian cornice meaning “ledge”) is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element ? cornice over a door or window, for instance, or cornice around top edge of a pedestal or along top of an interior wall. A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown.
The function of projecting cornice of a building is to throw rainwater free of building?s walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves, and gutters. However, house eaves may also be called “cornices” if y are finished with decorative molding. In this sense, while most cornices are also eaves (in that y overhang sides of building), not all eaves are usually considered cornices ? eaves are primarily functional and not necessarily decorative, and a cornice has a decorative aspect to it.

The dictionary meaning of contingencies is defined as- A future event or circumstance
which is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty or a provision for a possible event or
circumstance. In engineering is said to be as an incidental expense.