The definition of Turbidity is cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended solids that are usually invisible to naked eye. The measurement of Turbidity is an important test when trying to determine quality of water. It is an aggregate optical property of water and does not identify individual substances; it just says something is re.

Shisham is best known economic timber species of rosewood genus sold internationally, but it is also used as fuel wood and for shade and shelter. With its tolerance of light frosts and long dry seasons, this species deserves greater consideration for tree farming, agro forestry and deciduous reforestation. After teak, it is most important cultivated timber tree of Bihar, which is largest producer of shisham timber in India.

A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, adapt to different sizes or shapes and for or purposes, such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. “Plumbing” is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in domestic or commercial environments; “piping” is often used to describe high-performance (high-pressure, high-flow, high-temperature or hazardous-material) conveyance of fluids in specialized applications. “Tubing” is sometimes used for lighter-weight piping, especially that flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.
Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials and tools to install, and are an important part of piping and plumbing systems. Valves are technically fittings but are usually discussed separately.

Traditionally, suppliers might have been considered to be organisations contracted to provide physical supplies such as goods, materials, plant, and so on, however, its use is now much broader and PAS 1192-2 defines a supplier as any ?provider of services or goods eir directly to employer or to anor supplier in a supply chain?. The ‘supply chain’ is interconnected hierarchy of suppliers.

Basic wages have been defined to mean all cash emoluments, except:
-Cash value of any food concession;
-Any dearness allowance;
-House rent allowance, overtime allowance, bonus, presents and
-Commission or any or similar allowance.
The concept of basic wages on which PF contribution is to be calculated has always been a debatable issue. The Supreme Court has laid down two tests to determine wher a component is included in definition of basic wages or not. These are test of universality and test of contingency.

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to head is called tail. On installation, rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and tail is upset, or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times original shaft diameter, holding rivet in place.

Water disinfection means removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill.

The design period depends upon following:
-Ease and difficulty in expansion,
-Amount and availability of investment,
-Anticipated rate of population growth, including shifts in communities, industries and
commercial investments,
-Hydraulic constraints of systems designed, and
-Life of material and equipment.

Given volume = 100*.012 = 1.2cum.
Increase mortar by 30% = 1.56cum.
For volume of dry mortar increase 25% = 1.56+ (1.56*.25) = 1.95cum.
Now proportion = 1:6.
k+6k = 7k.
So volume of cement = (1/7) * 1.95 = 0.2785.

Industrial dearness allowance or IDA is allowance applicable to employees of public sector enterprises. Recently, government of India has increased IDA by 5% for this sector. This decision is set to benefit all board level executives, officers and employees of central PSUs.
IDA for government sector enterprises is revised quarterly based on movement of Consumer Price Index (CPI) in order to compensate for rising inflation in country.