Half brick wall is measured in sq m.

A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships having degree of freedom zero.

The minimum headroom in all parts of stairway shall not be less than 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from sloped line adjoining tread nosing or from floor surface of landing or platform on that portion of stairway.

Before applying water proof mud plaster, joints should be scrapped and wall surface should be cleaned and made damp by sprinkling water and n plaster should e applied.

Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or or substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel.

44% of rural households have access to electricity. Although cities have better facilities than villages, except for major metros, no city in India provides full-day water supply.

An appropriate type of chosen soil, when compacted at optimum moisture content, can be made strong and durable by addition of a stabilizing agent. Stabilisation enables soil to retain its shape and a significant proportion of its strength even when wetted to point of saturation.

Bharat Nirman is targeting clean water, Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission is building public toilets and sewage systems. The private sector, including companies such as Tata, have started to enter low-income residential projects. In 2013, Government of India and National Housing Bank borrowed US $100 million to fund ir Low Income Housing Finance project. The money will be loaned to low income residents who wish to purchase or renovate a home.

A real estate bubble or property bubble (or housing bubble for residential markets) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets, typically following a land boom. A land boom is rapid increase in market price of real property such as housing until y reach unsustainable levels and n decline.

For village road planning ?grid-iron? pattern layout is suitable. The width of road should be determined on consideration of volume and nature of traffic and plantation of trees. The street should be wide enough to allow two bullock carts or a jeep-cum-tractors to cross.