Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and or impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient and open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty.
A duplex locomotive is a steam locomotive that divides driving force on its wheels by using two pairs of cylinders rigidly mounted to a single locomotive frame; it is not an articulated locomotive.

Before being dealt with and include minor problems with toilets, baths, sinks, doors or windows sticking, plaster repairs, brickwork, and or nonurgent internal and external repairs.

Electronic signatures, or e-Signatures, have become crucial for businesses as y seek to increase speed of time-to-signature, e-Signatures are legally binding and have same legal status as a written signature, as long as it fulfills requirements of regulation it was created under.
A contract management platform should include ability to integrate with an e-Signature software, or include e-Signatures as part of platform.

P.W.D is headed by Director General (DG) who is also Principal Technical Advisor to Government of India. The regions and sub-regions are headed by Special DGs and Additional DGs respectively, while zones in all state capitals (except a few) are headed by Chief Engineers. Now A Days, a new post of Chief Project Manager (CPM) has been created to head major prestigious projects of CPWD. CPMs are equivalent to rank of Chief Engineers in CPWD.

A fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal bar that is bolted to ends of two rails to join m toger in a track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden bar with a curved profile used to strengn a ship’s mast. The top and bottom edges are tapered inwards so device wedges itself between top and bottom of rail when it is bolted into place.

Track ballast forms tracked upon which railroad ties (sleepers) are laid. It is packed between, below, and around ties. It is used to bear load from railroad ties, to facilitate drainage of water, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with track structure. This also serves to hold track in place as trains roll by.

In lump sum contract contractor undertakes execution or construction of specific work with all its contingencies, to complete it in all respect within a specified time for a fixed amount. In this an owner agrees to pay a contractor a specified lump sum after completion of work without a cost breakdown. After work no detailed measurements are required.

The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is a public agency in Pakistan and India that is responsible for rural water supply.
During natural disasters agency has responsibility to get drinking water to public as well as collaborating with aid organisations for this purpose. For example during a cyclone in Sindh in 2007 PHED submitted a proposal to UNICEF for a permanent solution to clean drinking water Sibi District. The agency also coordinated relief efforts with UNICEF in Ziarat District during 2008 earthquake.
Historically PHED had been responsible for all water and sanitation projects at district level, however following devolution of 2001 become subordinate to elected nazims at district and tehsil level.

A plate girder is a girder that has been fabricated by welding plates toger to create desired shape. The fabricator receives large plates of steel in desired thickness, n cuts flanges and web from plate in desired length and shape. Plate girders can have a greater height than rolled steel girders and are not limited to standardized shapes.

Volume – area * thickness.
So, 100*.04 = 4 cubic metre, 10% for uneven surface.
4 * 10% = .04 = 4.4cubic metre.
50% for dry mortar, 4.4 * 50% = 2.2.
= 6.6cubic meter.
Cement = 6.6/(1 + 2 + 4) = .94 cubic meter.